Yes — we use the latest 2026 tax brackets from official sources (IRS, HMRC, CRA, ATO, Bundesfinanzministerium etc.). Brackets are updated annually. However, this is for planning only — your specific situation may include factors not covered (state taxes, deductions, NFT-specific rules). Always verify with a tax advisor before filing.

Capital gain = sale price − cost basis (purchase price + fees). Buying 1 BTC at $30,000 and selling at $50,000 = $20,000 gain. The tax rate depends on your country, holding period (short vs long-term in USA/Canada), and total annual income (for progressive brackets).

In most countries — yes. USA, UK, Spain, Canada, Australia, Germany all treat crypto-to-crypto as a taxable disposal. Only a few jurisdictions like UAE, Singapore, and Portugal exempt these. Each swap requires you to calculate the USD value at time of trade.

In USA/Canada, holding crypto over 12 months qualifies for “long-term capital gains” — significantly lower rates (0–20% vs 10–37% short-term). UK has no distinction. Germany goes further: hold 12+ months and pay 0%. Always check your local rules.

Yes in most countries. Losses can offset gains in the same year, and unused losses are usually carried forward (3-5+ years). USA allows up to $3,000 in net losses against ordinary income annually. Track every loss — including rugs and hacks (with proof of worthlessness).

USA: Coinbase, Kraken, Gemini issue 1099 forms. EU: regulated exchanges report under DAC8 (effective 2026). UK exchanges share data with HMRC. Decentralized exchanges and offshore platforms (Bybit, MEXC, Bitget) don’t directly report — but you’re still legally required to declare gains.